Summary

The standard provides a uniform practice for evaluating how shipping units perform while in distribution environment by outlining a test plan that sequentially replicates the anticipated physical hazards that will / can occur. This practice should not take the place of material specification requirements or other predetermined pre-shipment test procedures.

Test Details

This standard practice is to be used as a guide to determine the appropriate test methods to most closely represent the distribution environment and on evaluating shipping units within a uniform system. The standard provides recommended test levels and are based on current industry and government practice.

Scope

ASTM D4169 is applicable to all types of shipping containers, including boxes, crates, bags, and bulk containers. The standard's primary objective is to provide a consistent framework assessing the physical dynamics that products will experience during transit. This includes considerations of handling, storage, and the rigors of various modes of transportation, such as truck, rail, and sea.

The scope is broad and encapsulates different packaging types and materials, emphasizing their performance against specific environmental stresses, including: 

• Vibration 
• Shock 
• Compression
• Moisture exposure 

By assessing these variables, engineers can ensure their packaging meets the intended physical and mechanical performance criteria.

Procedures 
ASTM D4169 describes standard tests that mimic different situations during shipping. The key steps in these procedures include: 

1. Container Selection: The container to be tested must be representative of actual shipping conditions. It can vary in size, shape, and material based on the intended use. 
2. Establish Assurance Level: The container is prepared according to the guidelines, including filling with appropriate contents and ensuring that the closure methods conform to standard practices. At this stage, it's essential to establish a testing intensity level. This should be decided based on various factors: the product's value, acceptable damage levels, shipping volume, the shipping environment, and other criteria.  
3. Define Acceptance criteria: Acceptance criteria specify the required standards for the product and packaging following the distribution process. 
4. Select Distribution Cycle: You have several options for distribution cycles, tailored to your specific use case. Choose from the standard options that align with your expected distribution and packaging system. If distribution parameters are ambiguous, it’s advisable to select the general distribution cycle, DC-1. However, if your anticipated distribution is well-defined, consider the specialized distribution cycle, DC-2. Please note that when opting for DC-2, you must select test schedules from Section 9 and outline the test sequence. We strongly encourage you to consult Table 1 in the official standards for D4169-23E available on the ASTM website for thorough guidance. (LINK: https://www.astm.org/d4169-23.html) 
5. Written Test Plan: Prepare a test plan by using the sequence presented in the ASTM D4169 Testing Standard. Collect the testing intensities according to the designated schedule. Ensure the test plan aligns with the selected assurance levels and the physical attributes of the shipping unit. The test schedules for each element refer to existing ASTM test methods for guidance on the necessary equipment and techniques. 

Typical Parameters in ASTM D4169 
The standard stipulates a variety of parameters essential for testing, including: 

• Distribution Cycle: 1 to 18 
• Assurance Level: I to III 
• Number of Samples: Minimum of 1 for critical shipments 
• Specimen Dimensions: Identical to the dimensions used in actual distribution 
• Conditioning and Testing Temperature: Room temperature unless noted otherwise 
• Conditioning and Testing Relative Humidity: Room temperature unless noted otherwise 

These parameters are critical in determining the robustness and reliability of packaging solutions. 

Changes and Differences in 23e1 
The 23e1 revision of ASTM D4169 includes important updates for better readability and use. Significant changes include: 

• Schedules B and C (compression testing, static and dynamic) were updated to reflect new, increased shipping density of freight factors. ASTM has revised the input "H" in the top load formula, replacing the former standard stack height of 108 inches.  
• An additional reference is made to ASTM F2825, which outlines the Standard Practice for Climatic Stressing of Packaging Systems intended for single parcel delivery.  
• The new standard version defines what is considered a “light and small” package along with some other minor editorial changes.  

These updates ensure that ASTM D4169 remains relevant and adaptable within a rapidly evolving market. 

*Please note that the above information is a summary of ASTM D4169. Please refer to the ASTM website for full details.
 

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